Editor’s Note: We’re grateful to
Father Brian Harrison for submitting the following article on
the question of schism. Readers will recall that Father Harrison
makes no claim to be a “radical traditionalist” such as we at
The Remnant—with no apologies to anyone, by the way—consider
ourselves to be. Father is, however, a fellow traveler in many
ways, and is a highly respected priest. Given that he does not
claim to be a traditionalist per se, his unsolicited defense of
certain traditionalists (the present writer included) against
the reckless charge of schism is significant. Of course, we
ourselves never for a moment questioned our position inside the
Catholic Church; but given the sad fact that our friends over at
The Wanderer have for years refused to print our defense against
their charges, we are hopeful that at least some of the
scandalized Wanderer readers might be inclined to read and
consider a defense written by a Catholic priest who is not a
traditionalist but who knows an injustice and an erroneous
accusation when he sees one. While there are several points over
which we certainly disagree with Father Harrison, we
nevertheless appreciate his charitable efforts over the years to
continue his public “dialogue” with traditionalists on these and
other matters. Father is presently an Associate Professor of
Theology in the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
MJM
In recent years, English-speaking Catholicism has witnessed some
fierce internal polemics between traditionalists who denounce and
resist many authorized changes in the Church since Vatican Council
II, and others who zealously defend nearly all these official
changes, although rejecting the outright liberal disobedience and
dissent which have often accompanied them.
Not long ago, The Wanderer, a
newspaper which takes the latter position, ran some strongly-worded
attacks on Atila Sinke Guimarães and Marian T. Horvat (both of
“Tradition in Action”), John Vennari (editor of
Catholic Family News) and
Remnant editor Michael J. Matt.
These writers were accused of (among other things) falling into
schism— at least materially, and perhaps formally as well — by
publishing a jointly signed manifesto (We
Resist You To The Face [Los Angeles: Tradition In Action,
2000]) which takes the literary form of a lengthy open letter to
Pope John Paul II. (Its title is an allusion to Galatians 2: 11,
where St. Paul speaks of how he “resisted” St. Peter, the first
Vicar of Christ, “to the face” at Antioch, because of Peter’s faulty
handling of relations between Jewish and Gentile converts to
Christianity.)
Now, I want to make it clear from the outset that I am by no means
in overall agreement with the aforesaid quartet. While I think their
manifesto (which, for the sake of brevity, I will refer to from here
on simply as Resist) does raise some legitimate and important
questions about certain policies, orientations and emphases which
the Church has been pursuing in recent decades, I think it goes too
far in opposing these changes, and would have to agree with some of
the criticisms that have been leveled at it. (Although I must also
admit I can think of other genuine grievances against the post-conciliar
regime that the authors might have included in Resist, but didn’t!)
Particularly unfortunate — and I think unnecessary — is the authors’
professed dissent from certain conciliar and postconciliar
statements of the Church’s Magisterium, or teaching authority, which
I think can and should be understood in a way that does not conflict
with traditional Catholic doctrine.
However, to go as far as accusing the
Resist authors of schism
is another matter altogether. It is a grave accusation, for this
offence, when formal and culpable, incurs the Church’s extreme
penalty, automatic (latae sententiae)
excommunication, in accordance with c. 1364, §1 of the Code of Canon
Law. Excommunication has the effect of excluding the offender from
being entitled to receive or administer any sacrament, and from
being able to hold any office in the Church.
So what exactly is schism? According to the Church’s law, it is “the
withdrawal of submission [Latin
subiectionis detrectatio] to the Supreme Pontiff or from
communion with the members of the Church subject to him” (c. 751).
But this definition of schism (which in substance is the same as
that found in the earlier Code of 1917) in turn requires further
explanation. For it does not spell out exactly what kinds of
specific behavior constitute this “withdrawal of submission”. In
this article I hope to clarify this question, in the context of
arguing that the aforesaid authors of Resist, whatever else might be
said about their manifesto, are not in schism even materially, much
less formally. Of course, my arguments will have more extensive
application than to these four authors alone, and will also serve to
defend many or most other Catholic critics of the post-Vatican-II
changes from the charge of ‘schism’.
A. What do the four “resisters” actually mean? Those who
have charged Resist with constituting schism think they are
justified in laying this charge against its four authors because of
certain words in the manifesto which they think objectively express
a schismatic position, regardless of what may be the inner
intentions and culpability (or lack thereof) of the authors. But in
fact the relevant words do not objectively express any position
which is schismatic even materially — much less formally. The most
that could be said is that Resist contains an ambiguous expression,
which, if interpreted in the worst
possible light, and out of context, would imply a schismatic
position.
On p. 55, the authors first declare their “state of resistance”
relative to those recent papal and conciliar “teachings and actions
that are objectively opposed to the prior ordinary and extraordinary
papal magisterium.” But “resistance” to, or dissent from, papal
teaching does not in itself qualify as schism, whether formal or
material. Even in the worst-case scenario wherein the “teaching”
being “resisted” was of the most solemn category possible — namely,
that proposed by the Church as divinely revealed (and thus to be
believed with divine and Catholic faith) — such “resistance” would
still not constitute schism. It would, of course, constitute heresy;
but heresy is an offence against the faith of the Church, and is
clearly something distinct from schism, which is an offence against
charity.
Another bitter anti-traditionalist writer, Mr. Omar F.A. Gutierrez,
is quite mistaken in asserting confidently: “Certainly, all heretics
are schismatics.”[1] True, the two offences very often go together;
but it would be quite possible (though perhaps not very logically
consistent) for a professing Catholic to dissent stubbornly from
just one or two defined dogmas while still accepting the current
Pope’s authority in general and submitting to everything else the
Holy Father and his local bishop told him to do. Such a person would
be a heretic without being a schismatic. In any case, since nobody
is even accusing the four Resist authors of heresy, it is
unnecessary to defend them from that charge.
What about the authors’ “resistance” to papal actions (as distinct
from papal teachings)? In the light of the concrete examples given
by the authors earlier in their manifesto, they should be understood
to mean nothing more than a retrospective disapproval of such
actions. Schism, however, would have to involve “resistance” in the
practical order, not the merely speculative (intellectual) order
which evaluates the truth of doctrines or the appropriateness of
past actions. That is, schism involves (among other things)
persistently refusing to do things commanded by the Pope, or
persistence in doing things forbidden by him. As St. Thomas Aquinas
makes clear, heresy is an offence against the virtue of faith, while
schism is opposed to charity (Summa
Theologiae, IIa IIæ, 39, 1, ad 3).
So far, then, there is nothing in Resist that could be taken as
schismatic. However, the authors continue, on the same page,
explaining the implications of this initial declaration which we
have just analyzed. They state that, among other things, their
“resistance” includes “suspension of obedience to the aforementioned
progressivist teachings, and the authorities who desire to impose
them on us” (my emphasis). Here we see the critical ambiguity which
I referred to above. The expression “suspension of obedience” will
indeed ring alarm bells to a loyal Catholic on the look-out for
indications of schism. But, at least in regard to the
“progressivist” teachings in question, it is obvious that what the
authors really mean by “suspension of obedience” is suspension of
assent. In other words, dissent. And, as I have already pointed out,
no amount of dissent from papal and/or conciliar teachings can ever,
in itself, constitute schism. Nevertheless, the second part of the
expression quoted above contains a more serious ambiguity: for
“suspension of obedience” to “the authorities who desire to impose
[the “progressivist” teachings] on us” could be schismatic,
depending on what, exactly, the authors have in mind. They could
mean one of two things:
(a) a general or ‘blanket’ suspension of all obedience to the
ecclesial “authorities” in question, i.e., a repudiation (at least
temporary) of their very jurisdiction over the authors of Resist. In
other words, this would be a declaration by the latter that they no
longer felt themselves bound to obey commands of any sort issued to
them by the former. In that case, the final relative clause (“who
desire . . . on us”) would have the purpose of identifying the
“authorities” in question and trying to justify this rebellious
decision against them. In other words, they would be anticipating
the question, “Which ‘authorities’ are you referring to?”, and
answering it by saying, in effect, “Those who desire to impose
progressivist teachings on us; and it is because of this evil desire
on their part that we reject their right to command us.”
On the other hand, the expression under discussion could mean:
(b) a suspension of obedience to the “authorities” in question only
insofar as they “desire to impose” the “progressivist teachings”
under discussion. In this case the final clause (“. . . and the
authorities who desire to impose them on us”) would have the purpose
of indicating the limits of their intended disobedience. That is,
the authors would simply be expressing — albeit with rather
imprecise English syntax — an intention to disobey these
“authorities” on any particular occasions when they might happen to
command the faithful in general, or themselves in particular, either
to profess openly their acceptance of the “progressivist teachings”
in question, or to act in such a way as to imply conformity with
those teachings.
Now, if the four authors of Resist meant (a), then they would
clearly be declaring themselves to be in a situation which could
fairly be described as “materially schismatic,” for the
“authorities” in question certainly include popes, right up to the
present Supreme Pontiff. They would be in the same sort of
situation, at least externally and objectively, as the Eastern
Orthodox, or other communities who might still have all seven valid
sacraments and perhaps in some cases even believe all the articles
of Catholic faith, but who do not feel bound to obey any command
whatsoever of John Paul II.
However, such an interpretation would be difficult to reconcile with
the rest of Resist, which is presented in Chapter I (pp. 13-15) and
in the authors’ “Final Words,” as a supplication to the Pope as
their “Holy Father” — a supplication which makes clear their
acceptance of his authority over them and their “communion with the
members of the Church subject to him” (to quote the Code of Canon
Law again). They say to the Pope, among other things, “We humbly beg
the incarnate Wisdom to illuminate your intelligence and guide your
will to do what should be done for the glory of God, the exaltation
of Holy Mother Church, and the salvation of souls” (pp. 65-66). The
authors also appeal, on pp. 56-58, to the authority of St. Paul and
recognized doctors and theologians (Bellarmine, Suarez, etc.) who
have upheld the legitimacy of “resisting” Peter or his successors,
under certain circumstances and on particular issues, while still
recognizing his legitimate position of authority over the whole
Church on earth. No one, I am sure, will accuse these celebrated
classical authors of schism (or even of “birthing” or “midwifing”
schism). Gutierrez, (see footnote 1) denies that an appeal to the
power of the Pope, such as that expressed in Resist, is sufficient
to “relieve one from the charge of schism”. He argues that someone
might hypocritically pay mere lip-service to papal authority in this
way, while still being schismatic by virtue of “public and constant
disobedience through action or inaction.” Maybe so, but this
disobedience would still have to global and radical, not just
partial or piecemeal, in order to reach the point of schism (as I
will explain more fully below).
Thus, the fact that the Resist authors appeal so respectfully to the
Pope’s authority is at least prima facie evidence of their
sincerity, that is, of their genuine intention not to withdraw
totally from submission to him. A fair reading of their manifesto
would therefore require one to presume that they mean their
“suspension of obedience” in the milder sense (b) above, until the
contrary were demonstrated. For the record, I met with and spoke
personally to all four of them at a conference in Phoenix, Arizona,
on September 30, 2000, and they unanimously verified that this much
more limited and less radical disobedience is indeed what they meant
to express in their open letter to the Pope. B. Are the four
‘resisters’ in schism?
I am claiming that the kind of limited disobedience we have just
identified, as professed by the four authors, does not qualify as
schism. Not even “material schism.” But on this point, certain
critics of Resist think otherwise, arguing that since c. 751 does
not say that schism requires total or complete “withdrawal of
submission” to the Roman Pontiff, we are entitled to conclude that
the kind or degree of “suspension of obedience” professed by the
four ‘resisters’ is sufficient to qualify them as schismatics.
When I read this opinion, it struck me as representing a parallel
with so-called ‘biblical fundamentalism’. Perhaps it could be called
‘canonical fundamentalism.’ If biblical fundamentalists (usually
Protestants) err by interpreting certain passages of Scripture in a
superficially literal way, without taking into account the literary
and historical context, the treasury of Sacred Tradition which
illuminates obscurities in Sacred Scripture, and other passages of
Scripture itself, then canonical fundamentalists err in a similar
way in their superficial approach to the Code of Canon Law. Here are
a few pertinent observations.
1. In the first place, those who cry “schism!” against the four
authors should take cognizance of the fact that by far the greater
part of their “suspension of obedience” has to do with dissent from
conciliar or post-conciliar doctrinal positions. And as is explained
above, not even heresy, the worst kind of doctrinal dissent, can
ever of itself constitute schism — formal or material. But once the
strictly doctrinal concerns of the authors of Resist are subtracted
from their ‘resistance,’ all that remains of it is their professed
disposition to disobey certain possible or hypothetical commands of
a practical nature, obedience to which would be seen by the
‘resisters’ as implying their assent to those “progressivist
teachings” which they find unacceptable.
Suppose, for instance, that the Holy Father were to judge that too
many Catholics are dragging their feet in regard to ecumenism, and
so decided to prod them along by issuing a
Motu Proprio ordering all of the
faithful to assist, wherever feasible, at an inter-denominational
prayer service for the reunion of Christians, to be organized each
year during the ‘Octave of Christian Unity’ by the bishops and the
clergy in each parish, in collaboration with local non-Catholic
ministers. This would become a sort of ecumenical Holy Day of
Obligation. Now, I think it reasonable to assume that the authors of
Resist would disobey such an order, even though it came straight
from the Pope. However, I used the words “possible” and
“hypothetical” above, because, as far as I can see from their
manifesto, the four authors have not given even a single example of
any actually existing practical (as distinct from doctrinal)
instruction of the Supreme Pontiff which they propose to disobey, or
have already been disobeying. The text of Resist itself does not
reveal any such actual or imminent disobedience. And the critics of
the manifesto, to the best of my knowledge, have never even been
able to accuse them of any such behavior. But a statement of merely
potential disobedience to as yet non-existent papal commands looks
like a very meager basis on which to build a case for schism!
2. Secondly, it is arbitrary and illogical to argue that since c.
751 doesn’t say that “withdrawal of submission” to the Roman Pontiff
has to be total in order to qualify as schism, partial withdrawal
therefore suffices for that offence to be committed. With equal or
greater plausibility one could argue that since the canon doesn’t
say that partial withdrawal of submission is enough to qualify as
schism, we should presume that the withdrawal has to be total or
radical in order for that offence to be committed. I say, “with
equal or greater plausibility,” because this more lenient
interpretation of c. 751 would be much more in harmony with a
venerable canonical principle which reflects the charity of Holy
Mother Church, in her desire to extend to her at times wayward
children the benefit of the doubt, whenever a relevant doubt exists.
This principle (which the critics of Resist seem to ignore) is
expressed in c. 18 of the Code: “Laws which impose a penalty . . .
are to be interpreted strictly.”[2] The word “strictly” here does
not mean “severely,” as an uninitiated reader might suppose. On the
contrary, a “strict” definition of any term will necessarily cover a
smaller number, or a narrower range, of specific instances than a
more “broad” or “general” definition of the same term. Accordingly,
c. 18 means that whenever a penal law should require interpretation
— as does c. 1364, §1 in prescribing excommunication for “schism” —
the correct interpretation will be that which employs a strict,
rather than a broad or general, definition of the offence specified
in that law. The practical effect is that only those sorts of
actions which clearly and indisputably qualify as instances of the
offence are understood to violate the law in question.
A well-known application of this principle occurred a decade ago,
when a group of traditionalist Catholics in Hawaii arranged for a
bishop of the Society of St. Pius X to come and administer
Confirmation to their children. Since the Holy See had declared this
man excommunicated, and since the Pope had warned that others who
associated themselves to the said Society would also partake in the
“schism”, the Bishop of Honolulu and his canonical advisers judged
that the said traditionalists, by their action, had lapsed
latae sententiae into schism. So
the Bishop issued a decree declaring the excommunication of these
people. However, the traditionalists appealed this decision to the
Holy See — and won! The Bishop’s decision was overturned by Rome —
evidently in the light of c. 18, among other possible
considerations.
3. Thirdly, the preceding canon (c. 17) should also have been given
more careful attention by those who claim that Resist is a
schismatic declaration. This canon states that when there remains
some obscurity in the meaning of a law, “there must be recourse [on
the part of the interpreter] to parallel places, if there be any, to
the purposes and circumstances of the law, and to the mind of the
legislator.” Now, as regards “parallel places,” there are no canons
other than 751 that set out to explain what schism is. However,
there are plenty of canons — twenty-nine of them, according to my
reckoning, between c. 1365 and c. 1397 — which clearly, although
implicitly, explain what schism is not. So for present purposes
these can certainly serve as “parallel places” in the Code. I refer
to all those canons which prescribe lesser penalties than
excommunication for multiple forms of disobedience to laws
promulgated by the Supreme Pontiff. Since schism does incur
excommunication, it follows logically that there are multiple forms
of disobedience to the Supreme Pontiff which do not reach the very
grave level of schism.
So if those who think Resist schismatic want to persevere with the
claim that even partial “withdrawal of submission” (i.e.,
disobedience) to the Pope can be enough to qualify materially as
schism, then the burden of proof will plainly be on them to find
some canons in the Code which make it clear, explicitly or
implicitly, as to just where the line is to be drawn between those
graver forms of “partial withdrawal” which qualify as schism, and
those lesser forms which don’t. But I submit that they will find it
impossible to do this, if for no other reason than that schism is
not even mentioned in any canons other than the two which we have
already examined.
A concrete example will be helpful here. Many readers will remember
that for twelve years, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre defied the Holy
See’s declaration that he was suspended from the exercise of his
priestly and episcopal functions, and yet was never accused by Rome
of schism, or excommunicated. He offered Mass daily and ordained
groups of priests for the SSPX every year from 1976 (when he was
suspended) until 1988, but was never accused of, or penalized for,
the offence of schism until the latter year, when he illicitly
consecrated four bishops. Gutierrez’ reference to Lefebvre seems to
imply that the latter was schismatic even before 1988; but the fact
is that before that year, the Holy See’s own expert canonists were
unable to find any offence committed by the Archbishop which,
according to their reading of canon law, would either qualify as
schism, or merit excommunication for some other reason.
4. Finally, canon 17 also stipulates, as we noted above, that in
interpreting a given canon, one should have recourse “to the mind of
the legislator.” Now, in the case of c. 751 it is manifest that the
mind of the legislator is to follow closely the teaching of St.
Thomas Aquinas; for the definition of schism in that canon follows
very closely that of the Angelic Doctor in the
Summa Theologiæ, IIa IIæ, Q. 39,
a.1: “schismatics are those who refuse to be subject to the Roman
Pontiff and who refuse communion with the members of the Church
subject to him.”[3] So the fuller context of this definition in the
Summa itself is obviously highly pertinent for an exact
interpretation of c. 751.
St. Thomas in fact makes it very clear that schism is not just any
kind of disobedience. In this article he is showing that schism is
really a distinct sin from other sins, and one of the objections to
this position is that since schismatics are those “who do not obey
the Church” (qui Ecclesiæ non obediunt),
and since all kinds of sins involve some disobedience to the Church,
there is not really any specific difference between schism and other
offences. Aquinas replies (Q. 39, a.1, ad 2) that the essence of
schism is in “rebelliously disobeying [the Church’s] commandments. I
say ‘rebelliously’ because the schismatic shows obstinate scorn for
the Church’s commandments and refuses to submit to her judgment. Not
every sinner does that; and so not every sin is schism.” The
concrete examples given by Aquinas make it clear that he means
‘rebelliously’ here in the strict sense of the term, as when
subjects reject completely the authority of the lawful leader over
them. He refers (Q. 39, a 2.1) to the incident recorded in the Book
of Numbers, when Korah, Dathan and Abiram were swallowed up by the
earth in punishment for their total rejection of Moses’ leadership,
in a spirit of ‘democracy’ (“Power to the people!”). We read in Nm
16: 3 that these men “held an assembly against Moses and Aaron, to
whom they said, ‘Enough from you! The whole community, all of them,
are holy; the Lord is in their midst. Why then should you set
yourself over the Lord’s congregation?’” (my emphasis). It was
clearly Moses’ whole leadership as such that was being challenged by
the rebels. St. Thomas, in the same place, also mentions the example
of the ten northern tribes of Israel, who completely separated
themselves from the south at the death of Solomon, with Jeroboam and
his followers rejecting totally the authority of Rehoboam, king of
Judah (I Kings 12: 26-33).
All the approved theologians after St. Thomas follow the same
criterion. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, which I do not think
anyone will accuse of being too liberal or ‘soft on schism’, affirms
that: “not every disobedience is schism; in order to possess this
character it must include besides the transgression of the commands
of superiors, denial of their Divine right to command” (vol. 13, p.
529a, s.v. “Schism”, my emphasis). Likewise, the magisterial
Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique
(DTC), possibly the greatest compendium of orthodox Catholic
theology ever assembled, explains as follows the difference between
heresy and schism. (This is my own translation from the French and
the quoted Latin original of Cajetan, with my emphasis)
Schism and disobedience: The two
things are so evidently similar, so closely related, that many
confuse the two, or find difficulty in distinguishing them. . .
. Cajetan [in commenting on the passage from St. Thomas we have
considered above] makes some very neat and satisfying
precisions. He distinguishes three points of application, or
three possible motives for disobedience. First, disobedience
might concern simply the matter of the thing commanded, without
calling in question the authority or even the personal calibre
of the superior: thus, if I eat meat on Friday because I don’t
like fish, that is not schism, but simple disobedience.
Secondly, the disobedience might focus on the person who holds
authority, denying for one reason or another his competence in
some particular case, or judging him to be mistaken, . . . while
still respecting his office. This still is not schism. . . .
Schism does occur when someone . . . ‘rejects a command or
judgment of the Pope by reason of his very office, not
recognising him as a superior, even while believing that he is’
(cum quis papæ præceptum vel judicium ex parte officii sui
recusat, non recognoscens eum ut superiorem, quamvis hoc credat).
It is worth noting, in passing, that Omar Gutierrez’ superficial
understanding of canon law, and of St. Thomas, leads him into the
error, warned against here by Cajetan and the DTC, of supposing that
the second of the three types of disobedience mentioned above is
grave enough to constitute schism. Gutierrez asserts that “a
schismatic can claim that the Pope may have the right to command but
has commanded poorly. Fr. Feeney did this very thing.” (Mr.
Gutierrez errs yet again — historically this time — in supposing
that schism was the reason given by the Vatican for the
excommunication of the late Fr. Leonard Feeney. He was
excommunicated rather for “grave disobedience”, after persistently
refusing to go to Rome, at the command of the Holy See in the name
of the Pope, in order to be examined in regard to his doctrinal
views.)
The last clause in the above citation form DTC — “even while
believing that he is [a lawful superior]”— might at first seem to
make Cajetan’s definition of schism self-contradictory. But in fact,
his evident intention in this clause is to make it clear that he is
here talking about formal schism. In other words, material schism is
committed by all those — and only those — who completely reject the
authority as such of a lawful superior. But the offence becomes
formal only in the case of those who do so with malice, i.e.,
knowing in their own heart that the superior in question is in fact
lawful, but nonetheless refusing absolutely to submit to his
authority in any way. Thus, someone born and brought up as, say, a
Russian Orthodox Christian, who has never heard a positive word —
perhaps nothing at all — about the Roman Pontiff and his role in the
Church, would be a clear example of a merely material schismatic:
malice could certainly not be presumed in such a person.
Conclusion In the light of the
foregoing discussion, I would conclude by simply summing up the
consensus of all authoritative Catholic theologians and canonists.
That is, the only kind of disobedience to the Roman Pontiff which
constitutes even material schism is one which the authors of Resist
(and other traditionalists who share their position) have certainly
not fallen into, namely, that total repudiation of the Pope’s
authority wherein one denies — at least by one’s actions, and
probably in most cases by explicit affirmations as well — one’s own
duty to obey anything at all which he might command. Then, in order
for the schism to be formal as well as material (and therefore
culpable before God), it would be necessary for the offender to be
acting not in good conscience, that is, out of invincible ignorance
of the Pope’s divine right to command, but rather, out of pride or
passion which leads him to suppress and deny the Pope’s jurisdiction
over himself, while knowing deep down that he is committing a sin in
doing so.
Finally, I would like to suggest that it would be more accurate to
translate the key expression in c. 751,
subiectionis detrectatio a little more literally than
“withdrawal of submission” (found in the 1983 Collins edition). The
1999 Canon Law Society of America edition has “refusal of
submission”, but in the light of our observations which have shown
that the “mind of the legislator” is to follow the Thomistic
tradition in defining schism, I think it would be better to replace
“submission” (for subiectionis)
by the stronger word “subjection.” In English we speak of someone
being ‘a subject of’ a certain civil ruler or ecclesiastical
superior, with the understanding that he might disobey such a
superior — perhaps in a gravely sinful manner — while still
recognizing himself to be ‘subject to’ — i.e., ‘a subject of’— the
authority in question. An English translation of c. 751 which
defined schism as “refusal of subjection”, or “refusal to be
subject”, to the Supreme Pontiff, would therefore be an accurate
rendition of the Latin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] This citation, and all others
mentioned below in this article, are from Gutierrez’ article
“Deceit, Sleight of Hand, and Ferrawood’s ‘Logic’”, The Wanderer,
May 15, 2003, p. 9. [2] This
legal norm does not apply technically to c. 751, because the latter
canon does not itself “impose a penalty”. However it is the basis
for c. 1364 §1, which imposes the extreme penalty of
excommunication, and so c. 751 should, at the very least, be
understood in the spirit of c. 18.
[3] “Et ideo schismatici dicuntur
qui subesse renuunt Summo Pontifici, et qui membris Ecclesiæ ei
subiectis communicare recusant.” The 1917 Code (c. 1325) followed
this definition even more exactly, reproducing it word for word,
except that St. Thomas’ “and” was replaced by “or.”
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